To what extent does war writing on the module raise questions about the concept of 'civilisation'?

Figure 1. Ezio Castellucci, ‘Collaboratori Dell’ Inghilterra’ (CA 1914), Authors Collection

​The brutality of the World Wars exposed the fraudulent concept of European ‘civilisation’. Having used perceptions of Europe's sophisticated and cultured societies to justify systems of global dominance and oppression, the spectacle of war, destroying the monuments of ‘civilised’ cities and butchering their subjects in barbaric scenes of violence and depravity, showed that 'civilisation' was only ever an illusion. (Click on the link below to read full essay)